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By: Z. Randall, M.A.S., M.D.

Program Director, University of Texas at Tyler

The same issues regarding proof of effectiveness and uncertainty of dosage that we related in the essential oil chapter are relevant for the herbs on this list symptoms miscarriage buy discount clozaril on line. Perform your own research into these alternatives and come to your own conclusions medicine grace potter clozaril 100 mg generic. For useful books on herbalism and other medical subjects symptoms bronchitis buy 100mg clozaril with amex, go to the reference section at the end of this book. By reading this book, you have made the decision to take responsibility for the medical well- being of your family in the aftermath of a disaster. Therefore, you will have to build a store of knowledge of how to evaluate a patient and make a diagnosis. You will have to put your (gloved) hands on them and be able to look for physical signs of illness or check out a wound in a systematic manner. Sometimes the problem is obvious in seconds; other times, you will have to examine the entire body to determine the problem. During an exam, always communicate to your patient who you are, what you are doing and why. Remain calm and be very careful about forcing them to move or perform an action that is beyond their capability. This includes the following; Pulse rate – this can be taken by using 2 fingers to press on the side of the neck or the inside of the wrist (by the base of the thumb). You may choose to feel the pulse for, say, 15 seconds and multiply the number you get by 4 to get beats per minute. You will find that most people who are agitated from having suffered an injury will have a high pulse rate. Respiration rate – this is best evaluated for an entire minute to get an accurate reading. The normal adult rate at rest is 12- 18 breaths per minute, somewhat more for children. A respiration rate over 20 per minute is a sign of a person in distress, and is known as “tachypnea”. Blood pressure – blood pressure is a measure of the work the heart has to do to pump blood throughout the body. Blood pressure may be high after extreme physical exertion but goes back down after a short while. A very low blood pressure may be seen in a person who has hemorrhaged or is in shock. Instructions on how to take a blood pressure can be found in the chapter on high blood pressure, also called “hypertension”. Mental status – You want to know that your patient is alert and, therefore, can respond to questions and commands. If they seem disoriented, ask simple questions like their name, where they are, or what year it is. If they don’t, they are termed “unresponsive” and something very serious is going on. Body Temperature - Take the person’s temperature to verify that they don’t have a fever. Very low temperatures (less than 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius) may indicate cold-related illness, also known as hypothermia. On the opposite hand is heat stroke (hyperthermia), where the temperature may rise above 105 degrees Fahrenheit (40. Once you’ve taken the vital signs and determined that there is no obvious injury, perform a general exam from head to toe in an organized fashion. Are there any bumps on their head, are they bleeding from the nose, mouth, or ears? Evaluate the eyes and see if they are reddened and if the pupils respond equally to light. Have the patient open their mouth and check for redness, sores, or dental issues with a light source and a tongue depressor. Check the neck for evidence of injury and feel the back of the head and neck, especially the neck bones (vertebrae).

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Side effects of these agents are generally mild and include tachycardia symptoms 3 weeks pregnant 100mg clozaril with mastercard, nervousness chi infra treatment buy cheap clozaril 50 mg on-line, and shakiness or jitteriness medicine in spanish purchase genuine clozaril on-line. Although inhalation therapy is optimal, occasionally patients with severe obstruction or who cannot tolerate inhalation therapy (eg, children) are given sub- cutaneous administration of epinephrine or terbutaline. Generally, terbutaline is preferable because of its beta-2 selectivity and fewer cardiac side effects. Levalbuterol, the R-isomer of racemic albuterol, was developed because in vitro studies suggested that the S-isomer may have deleterious effects on airway smooth muscle. However, randomized trials have not shown a significant clinical advan- tage of levalbuterol over racemic albuterol for the treatment of acute asthma in the emergency department. National asthma treatment guidelines currently consider levalbuterol equally safe and effective to racemic albuterol and endorse its use for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations. An ticholinergic Agents When added to albuterol, anticholinergic agents lead to a modest improvement in pulmonary function and decrease the admission rate in patients with moderate to severe asthma exacerbations. Additionally, anticho- linergic agents may have some minor anti-inflammatory properties that help to stabilize capillary permeability and inhibit mucous secretion. Anticholinergics can be combined with beta agonists in nebuliza- tion devices and should be given to those not responding to initial beta-agonist therapy and those with severe airway obstruction. Since there is little systemic absorption, inhaled anticholinergics are associated with few side effects. Corticos teroids Corticosteroids have been used to treat chronic asthma since 1950 and acute exac- erbations of the disease since 1956. Although a tremendous amount of research has been done on the value of corticosteroids in asthma, many fundamental issues have yet to be resolved, such as the optimal dose, route, and timing of steroids. It is generally agreed that corticosteroids should be initiated early in the treatment of the following cases: • Acute asthma in patients with moderate/severe asthma attack • Worsening asthma over many days (>3 days) • Mild asthma not responding to initial bronchodilator therapy or asthma that develops despite daily inhaled corticosteroid use. Some authors believe that more liberal use of corticosteroids is warranted and advocate steroids for any patient whose symptoms fail to resolve with a single alb- uterol treatment. Steroids act on the delayed phase of asthma and modulate the inflammatory response. Intravenous steroids, however, should be administered to patients with severe respiratory distress who are too dyspneic to swallow, patients who are vomiting, or patients who are agitated or drowsy. For patients who will be discharged, a single intramuscular dose of methylprednisolone (dose 160 mg) may be given when there is a history of medication noncompliance. A 2-day course of oral dexamethasone (dose 16 mg) is also an option because it has been shown to be equivalent to five days of prednisone. Le ukotriene Antagonists The development of leukotriene antagonists represents an important advancement in the treatment of chronic asthma. Studies involving zileuton (Zyflo Filmtab), zaf- irlukast (Accolate), and montelukast (Singulair) demonstrate that their daily use over the course of several months can lead to improvement in pulmonary function and decrease in asthma symptomatology. However, the role of leukotriene antago- nists in the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations remains unclear. At this time, asthma treatment guidelines recommend the use of leukotriene antagonists only in the management of chronic asthma. Ma gnesium Although no benefit has been shown in mild to moderate asthmatics, magnesium sulfate given intravenously at dosages of 2 to 4 g benefits asthmatics with severe airway obstruction. Magnesium is thought to compete with calcium for entry into smooth muscle, inhibit the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, prevent acetylcholine release from nerve endings, and inhibit mast cell release of histamine. Additionally, there is some evidence that magnesium may directly inhibit smooth muscle contraction, but this is controversial. The onset of mag- nesium is quick and effects can be seen 2 to 5 minutes after initiation of therapy. It is contraindicated in renal failure and in cases of hypermagnesemia as it can cause significant muscle weakness. Other Agents—Methylxanthines, Antibiotics The marginal benefit, significant side effects, and difficulty achieving a therapeutic dose of theophylline argue against its routine use in acute asthma. A systematic review concluded that the addition of aminophylline to treatment with beta agonists and glucocorticoids improved lung function, but did not significantly reduce symptoms or length of hospital stay. Therefore, methylxanthines are not recommended in the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations.

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